Endnotes

Shaw et al., 2017
Institutions are an often misunderstood term, in common language associated with “organisations”. Here, we use institutions more broadly as “…systems of established and embedded social rules that structure social interactions”. Hodgson, 2006, p. 18
Pomerantz, 2000
Alvaredo et al., 2018
This trend is described as the great acceleration. Along with growing economic output the pressure that human activities have on our planet rose exponentially in the last decades. Now many so-called planetary boundaries are transgressed, for example when it comes to the loss of biodiversity, the climate crisis and the disturbed nitrogen cycle leading to polluted waterways and coastal zones. Carbon inequality is far from being the only or most dramatic environmental inequality. We use it as an example.
Hickel, 2020
Shaw et al., 2017
The underlying assumptions are based on marginal productivity theory.
For a deeper understanding of different economic approaches to inequality visit https://www.exploring-economics.org/en/discover/
Therborn, 2013, p.1
Chancel et al., 2022
Pomerantz, 2000
More on the long-run history of global inequality can be found in Hickel, 2017
Fischer, 2019, p. 221
Chancel et al., 2022
Chancel et al., 2022
The higher the Gini coefficient, the higher the inequality. It ranges from 0 (complete equality) to 1 (complete inequality).
Chancel et al., 2022
Alvaredo et al., 2018
Novy et al., 2020
Piketty, 2014 – Find a short video (3 min) introducing his book here and a more in depth introduction (21 min) here.
Alvaredo et al., 2018
This trend is described as the great acceleration. Along with growing economic output the pressure that human activities have on our planet rose exponentially in the last decades. Now many so-called planetary boundaries are transgressed, for example when it comes to the loss of biodiversity, the climate crisis and the disturbed nitrogen cycle leading to polluted waterways and coastal zones. Carbon inequality is far from being the only environmental inequality. We deal with it as an example.
Hickel, 2020
Oxfam, 2020
Oxfam, 2020
United Nations Environment Programme, 2020
United Nations Environment Programme, 2020
Human Development Report Office, 2020
Mosquera et al., 2018
Human Development Report Office, 2020
This video depicts the unequal global responsibility for and suffering from the climate crisis: The carbon map
Institutions are an often misunderstood term, in common language associated with “organisations”. Here, we use institutions more broadly as “…systems of established and embedded social rules that structure social interactions”. Hodgson, 2006, p.18
Alvaredo et al., 2018
Bourdieu, 1987
For more information on different policies see: https://www.piie.com/commentary/speeches-papers/we-have-tools-reverse-rise-inequality
Blanchard and Rodrik, 2019
The Associated Press, 2021
https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=551
https://jubileedebt.org.uk/a-debt-jubilee-to-tackle-the-covid-19-health-and-economic-crisis-2
Esping-Andersen, 1990. The described regimes are models describing ideal types. In various countries the welfare approaches have changed considerably, e.g. several scandinavian countries have taken more liberal policies lately. Nevertheless, the typology is still helpful to distinguish different pathways and underlying worldviews of welfare policies of different states and their link to inequality.
This chapter is based on Novy et al., 2020.
Millward-Hopkins et al., 2020
Another way to avoid regressive effects is to implement progressive eco-taxes where basic consumption is taxed less than excess consumption (i.e. a frequent flyer levy).
Thompson, 2016 https://revisesociology.com/2016/08/04/social-class-definition-introduction/
Therborn, 2013, p. 49
Therborn, 2013, p. 49
Therborn, 2013, p. 49

Inequality: what should be done?

Endnotes

Source and Responsibility