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In Progress
Endnotes
- Shaw et al., 2017
- Institutions are an often misunderstood term, in common language associated with “organisations”. Here, we use institutions more broadly as “…systems of established and embedded social rules that structure social interactions”. Hodgson, 2006, p. 18
- Pomerantz, 2000
- Alvaredo et al., 2018
- This trend is described as the great acceleration. Along with growing economic output the pressure that human activities have on our planet rose exponentially in the last decades. Now many so-called planetary boundaries are transgressed, for example when it comes to the loss of biodiversity, the climate crisis and the disturbed nitrogen cycle leading to polluted waterways and coastal zones. Carbon inequality is far from being the only or most dramatic environmental inequality. We use it as an example.
- Hickel, 2020
- Shaw et al., 2017
- The underlying assumptions are based on marginal productivity theory.
- For a deeper understanding of different economic approaches to inequality visit https://www.exploring-economics.org/en/discover/
- Therborn, 2013, p.1
- Chancel et al., 2022
- Pomerantz, 2000
- More on the long-run history of global inequality can be found in Hickel, 2017
- Fischer, 2019, p. 221
- Chancel et al., 2022
- Chancel et al., 2022
- The higher the Gini coefficient, the higher the inequality. It ranges from 0 (complete equality) to 1 (complete inequality).
- Chancel et al., 2022
- Alvaredo et al., 2018
- Novy et al., 2020
- Piketty, 2014 – Find a short video (3 min) introducing his book here and a more in depth introduction (21 min) here.
- Alvaredo et al., 2018
- This trend is described as the great acceleration. Along with growing economic output the pressure that human activities have on our planet rose exponentially in the last decades. Now many so-called planetary boundaries are transgressed, for example when it comes to the loss of biodiversity, the climate crisis and the disturbed nitrogen cycle leading to polluted waterways and coastal zones. Carbon inequality is far from being the only environmental inequality. We deal with it as an example.
- Hickel, 2020
- Oxfam, 2020
- Oxfam, 2020
- United Nations Environment Programme, 2020
- United Nations Environment Programme, 2020
- Human Development Report Office, 2020
- Mosquera et al., 2018
- Human Development Report Office, 2020
- This video depicts the unequal global responsibility for and suffering from the climate crisis: The carbon map
- Institutions are an often misunderstood term, in common language associated with “organisations”. Here, we use institutions more broadly as “…systems of established and embedded social rules that structure social interactions”. Hodgson, 2006, p.18
- Alvaredo et al., 2018
- Bourdieu, 1987
- For more information on different policies see: https://www.piie.com/commentary/speeches-papers/we-have-tools-reverse-rise-inequality
- Blanchard and Rodrik, 2019
- The Associated Press, 2021
- https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=551
- https://jubileedebt.org.uk/a-debt-jubilee-to-tackle-the-covid-19-health-and-economic-crisis-2
- Esping-Andersen, 1990. The described regimes are models describing ideal types. In various countries the welfare approaches have changed considerably, e.g. several scandinavian countries have taken more liberal policies lately. Nevertheless, the typology is still helpful to distinguish different pathways and underlying worldviews of welfare policies of different states and their link to inequality.
- This chapter is based on Novy et al., 2020.
- Millward-Hopkins et al., 2020
- Another way to avoid regressive effects is to implement progressive eco-taxes where basic consumption is taxed less than excess consumption (i.e. a frequent flyer levy).
- Thompson, 2016 https://revisesociology.com/2016/08/04/social-class-definition-introduction/
- Therborn, 2013, p. 49
- Therborn, 2013, p. 49
- Therborn, 2013, p. 49
